The shift toward this “Western European Marriage Pattern” does not have a clear beginning, but it certainly had become established by the end of the sixteenth century on most of the shores of the North Sea, likely as a result of contact with the New World. Werner Conze's work directly influenced the decision makers responsible for the Holocaust and the associated mass murder of millions of Slavic civilians in German-occupied territory during World War 2. Nazi anthropologist Werner Conze is credited with the earliest development of what would later be called the "Hajnal line". The idea itself has its roots in earlier theories of the racial inferiority of Slavic people. Īlthough John Hajnal himself was stridently anti-fascist and a survivor of the Jewish holocaust, his theory has been warmly received and heavily promoted by Neo-Nazis, and the alt-right. Though some sociologists have called to revise or reject the concept of a "Hajnal line," other scientists continue to cite Hajnal’s research on the influence of western European marriage patterns. Hajnal and other researchers did not have access to, or underplayed nuptiality research from behind the Iron Curtain which contradict their observations on central and eastern Europeans. However, since the early 21st century, his theory has been routinely criticized and rejected by scholars. In the 20th century, Hajnal's observations were assumed as valid by a wide variety of sociologists. To the west of the line, which extends approximately between Saint Petersburg, Russia, and Trieste, Italy, marriage rates and thus fertility were comparatively low and a significant minority of women married late or remained single and most families were nuclear to the east of the line and in the Mediterranean and particular regions of Northwestern Europe, early marriage and extended family homes were the norm and high fertility was countered by high mortality. In 1965, John Hajnal posited that Europe could be divided into two areas characterized by a different patterns of nuptiality. The Western European marriage pattern is a family and demographic pattern that is marked by comparatively late marriage (in the middle twenties), especially for women, with a generally small age difference between the spouses, a significant proportion of women who remain unmarried, and the establishment of a neolocal household after the couple has married. The blue lines mark areas of Western Europe that did not conform to Western Europe's marriage pattern To the west of the Hajnal line, shown in red, the Western European marriage pattern arose. Family and demographic pattern of Western Europe
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